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                <h1 class="title-article" id="articleContentId">[Python从零到壹] 五.网络爬虫之BeautifulSoup基础语法万字详解</h1>
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                <div class="up-time">最新推荐文章于 2023-02-09 18:13:27 发布</div>
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                    <p>欢迎大家来到“Python从零到壹”&#xff0c;在这里我将分享约200篇Python系列文章&#xff0c;带大家一起去学习和玩耍&#xff0c;看看Python这个有趣的世界。所有文章都将结合案例、代码和作者的经验讲解&#xff0c;真心想把自己近十年的编程经验分享给大家&#xff0c;希望对您有所帮助&#xff0c;文章中不足之处也请海涵。Python系列整体框架包括基础语法10篇、网络爬虫30篇、可视化分析10篇、机器学习20篇、大数据分析20篇、图像识别30篇、人工智能40篇、Python安全20篇、其他技巧10篇。您的关注、点赞和转发就是对秀璋最大的支持&#xff0c;知识无价人有情&#xff0c;希望我们都能在人生路上开心快乐、共同成长。</p> 
<p>前一篇文章讲述了基于正则表达式的Python爬虫以及Python常用的爬虫模块&#xff0c;而Python强大的网络支持能力和丰富的扩展包是否也提供了相关的爬虫包呢&#xff1f;答案是肯定的。本篇文章主要讲解BeautifulSoup技术。BeautifulSoup是一个可以从HTML或XML文件中提取数据的Python库&#xff0c;一个分析HTML或XML文件的解析器。本章将介绍BeautifulSoup技术&#xff0c;包括安装过程和基础语法&#xff0c;并通过分析HTML实例来介绍BeautifulSoup解析网页的过程。</p> 
<p>本文参考了作者CSDN的文章&#xff0c;链接如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount">https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/eastmountyxz/Python-zero2one">https://github.com/eastmountyxz/Python-zero2one</a></li></ul> 
<blockquote> 
 <p>同时&#xff0c;作者新开的“娜璋AI安全之家”将专注于Python和安全技术&#xff0c;主要分享Web渗透、系统安全、人工智能、大数据分析、图像识别、恶意代码检测、CVE复现、威胁情报分析等文章。虽然作者是一名技术小白&#xff0c;但会保证每一篇文章都会很用心地撰写&#xff0c;希望这些基础性文章对你有所帮助&#xff0c;在Python和安全路上与大家一起进步。</p> 
</blockquote> 
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<div class="toc">
 <h3>文章目录</h3>
 <ul><li><a href="#BeautifulSoup_19">一.安装BeautifulSoup</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="#1_22">1.安装过程</a></li><li><a href="#2pip_50">2.pip安装扩展包用法</a></li></ul>
  </li><li><a href="#BeautifulSoup_106">二.快速开始BeautifulSoup解析</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="#1BeautifulSoupHTML_139">1.BeautifulSoup解析HTML</a></li><li><a href="#2_186">2.简单获取网页标签信息</a></li><li><a href="#3_233">3.定位标签并获取内容</a></li></ul>
  </li><li><a href="#BeautifulSoup_267">三.深入了解BeautifulSoup爬虫</a></li><li><ul><li><a href="#1BeautifulSoup_270">1.BeautifulSoup对象</a></li><li><a href="#2_448">2.遍历文档树</a></li><li><a href="#3_564">3.搜索文档树</a></li></ul>
  </li><li><a href="#BeautifulSoup_622">四.BeautifulSoup简单爬取个人博客网站</a></li><li><a href="#_690">五.本章小结</a></li></ul>
</div>
<p></p> 
<br /> 
<hr /> 
<h1><a id="BeautifulSoup_19"></a>一.安装BeautifulSoup</h1> 
<p>BeautifulSoup是一个可以从HTML或XML文件中提取数据的Python扩展库。BeautifulSoup通过合适的转换器实现文档导航、查找、修改文档等。它可以很好的处理不规范标记并生成剖析树&#xff08;Parse Tree&#xff09;&#xff1b;它提供的导航功能&#xff08;Navigating&#xff09;&#xff0c;可以简单又快速地搜索剖析树以及修改剖析树。BeautifulSoup技术通常用来分析网页结构&#xff0c;抓取相应的Web文档&#xff0c;对于不规则的HTML文档&#xff0c;它提供了一定的补全功能&#xff0c;从而节省了开发者的时间和精力。本章将带领您走进BeautifulSoup爬虫的海洋&#xff0c;下面先简单介绍BeautifulSoup技术的安装过程。</p> 
<h2><a id="1_22"></a>1.安装过程</h2> 
<p>BeautifulSoup安装主要通过pip指令进行。如下图所示&#xff0c;在命令提示符CMD环境下&#xff0c;通过cd命令进入Python3.7安装目录的Scripts文件夹下&#xff0c;再调用“pip install bs4”命令安装&#xff0c;bs4即BeautifulSoup4。安装命令如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><strong>cd C:\Software\Program Software\Python37\Scripts</strong></li><li><strong>pip install bs4</strong></li></ul> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020110615555625.png?x-oss-process&#61;image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Vhc3Rtb3VudA&#61;&#61;,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="350" /></p> 
<p>当BeautifulSoup扩展包安装成功后&#xff0c;在Python3.7中输入“from bs4 import BeautifulSoup”语句导入该扩展包&#xff0c;测试安装是否成功&#xff0c;如果没有异常报错即安装成功&#xff0c;如下图所示。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201106160220116.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" /></p> 
<p>输入代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li>from bs4 import BeautifulSoup</li></ul> 
<blockquote> 
 <p>BeautifulSoup有两个常用版本&#xff1a;BeautifulSoup 3和BeautifulSoup 4&#xff08;简称BS4&#xff09;。BeautifulSoup 3目前已经停止开发&#xff0c;项目中使用更多的是BeautifulSoup 4&#xff0c;现已移植到BS4扩展包中。建议读者安装BeautifulSoup4&#xff0c;因为BeautifulSoup3已经停止更新&#xff1b;同时如果读者使用的是Anaconda等集成开发环境&#xff0c;它的BeautifulSoup扩展包是已经安装了的&#xff0c;可以直接使用。</p> 
</blockquote> 
<p>BeautifulSoup支持Python标准库中的HTML解析器&#xff0c;还支持一些第三方的解析器&#xff0c;其中一个是 lxml&#xff0c;另一个可供选择的解析器是纯Python实现的html5lib&#xff0c;html5lib的解析方式与浏览器相同。Windows系统下调用pip或easy_install命令安装lxml&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li>pip install lxml</li><li>easy_install lxml</li></ul> 
<p>下表列出了BeautifulSoup官方文档中主要的解析器和它们的优缺点。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201106160848877.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="350" /></p> 
<hr /> 
<h2><a id="2pip_50"></a>2.pip安装扩展包用法</h2> 
<p><mark>前面的安装过程调用pip命令&#xff0c;那么它究竟是什么呢&#xff1f;</mark><br /> pip是一个现代的、通用的Python包管理工具&#xff0c;提供了对Python包&#xff08;Package&#xff09;的查找、下载、安装及卸载功能。Python可以通过easy_install或者pip命令安装各种各样的包&#xff0c;其中easy_insall提供了“傻瓜式”的在线一键安装模块的方式&#xff0c;而pip是easy_install的改进版&#xff0c;提供更好的提示信息以及下载、卸载Python包等功能&#xff0c;常见用法如下表所示。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201106161313668.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="300" /></p> 
<p>在Python2旧版本开发环境中使用pip命令之前&#xff0c;需要安装pip软件&#xff08;下载pip-Win_1.7.exe软件直接安装&#xff09;&#xff0c;再调用pip命令对具体的扩展包进行安装&#xff0c;目前Python3已经内嵌pip工具供大家直接使用。</p> 
<ul><li>http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip#downloads</li></ul> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201106161414205.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="450" height="300" /></p> 
<p>Python2旧版本安装完pip工具后&#xff0c;它会在Python安装目录下添加Scripts目录。在Python2.7中&#xff0c;安装的扩展包会在目录Scripts文件夹下添加相应的文件&#xff0c;甚至需要将此目录&#xff08;Scripts&#xff09;加入环境变量中。安装pip成功后&#xff0c;通过命令“pip install bs4”安装BeautifulSoup 4软件。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201106161811169.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="450" height="300" /></p> 
<p>下表显示了pip常用命令&#xff0c;其中最常用的命令是“install”和“uninstall”。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">Usage<span class="token punctuation">:</span>                    基本用法
  pip <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>command<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span>  command表示操作命令&#xff0c;options表示参数

Commands<span class="token punctuation">:</span>                  操作命令
  install                  安装软件
  uninstall                卸载软件
  freeze                   按一定格式输出已安装软件列表  
  <span class="token builtin">list</span>                     列出已安装软件 
  show                     显示软件详细信息 
  search                   搜索软件  
  wheel                    根据要求建立wheel扩展包  
  <span class="token builtin">zip</span>                      打包&#xff08;<span class="token builtin">zip</span>&#xff09;单个扩展包&#xff0c;不推荐使用  
  unzip                    解压&#xff08;unzip&#xff09;单个扩展包&#xff0c;不推荐使用    
  <span class="token builtin">help</span>                     查看帮助提示

General Options<span class="token punctuation">:</span>           常用选项
  <span class="token operator">-</span>h<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token builtin">help</span>               显示帮助
  <span class="token operator">-</span>v<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>verbose            更多的输出&#xff0c;最多可以使用<span class="token number">3</span>次  
  <span class="token operator">-</span>V<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>version            显示版本信息然后退出
  <span class="token operator">-</span>q<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>quiet              最少的输出 
  <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>log<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token builtin">file</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>path<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>        以覆盖的方式记录详细的输出日志  
  <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>log <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>path<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>             以不覆盖的方式记录详细的输出日志<span class="token punctuation">.</span>  
  <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>proxy <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>proxy<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>          指定端口号  
  <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>timeout <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>sec<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>          设置连接超时时间&#xff08;默认<span class="token number">15</span>秒&#xff09;
  <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>exists<span class="token operator">-</span>action <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>action<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> 设置存在默认行为&#xff0c;可选参数包括&#xff1a;<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span>witch、 <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span>gnore、<span class="token punctuation">(</span>w<span class="token punctuation">)</span>ipe、<span class="token punctuation">(</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span>ackup
  <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">-</span>cert <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>path<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>            设置证书
</code></pre> 
<p>最后推荐官方文档&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><strong>https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc.zh/</strong></li><li><strong>https://pypi.org/project/beautifulsoup4/</strong></li></ul> 
<br /> 
<hr /> 
<h1><a id="BeautifulSoup_106"></a>二.快速开始BeautifulSoup解析</h1> 
<p>下面这段HTML代码&#xff08;test04_01.html&#xff09;是关于李白的一首诗和描述&#xff0c;它将作为例子被多次使用。HTML主要采用节点对的形式进行编写&#xff0c;如&lt; html&gt;&lt; /html&gt;、&lt; body&gt;&lt; /body&gt;、&lt; a&gt;&lt; /a&gt;等。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>html</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>head</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
		<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>title</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>BeautifulSoup技术<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>title</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>head</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>body</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>title<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>b</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>静夜思<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>b</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>content<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
		窗前明月光&#xff0c;<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>br</span> <span class="token punctuation">/&gt;</span></span>
		疑似地上霜。 <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>br</span> <span class="token punctuation">/&gt;</span></span>
		举头望明月&#xff0c;<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>br</span> <span class="token punctuation">/&gt;</span></span>
		低头思故乡。 <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>br</span> <span class="token punctuation">/&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>other<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
		李白&#xff08;701年&#xff0d;762年&#xff09;&#xff0c;字太白&#xff0c;号青莲居士&#xff0c;又号“谪仙人”&#xff0c;
		唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人&#xff0c;被后人誉为“诗仙”&#xff0c;与
		<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>http://example.com/dufu<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>poet<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>link1<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>杜甫<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
		并称为“李杜”&#xff0c;为了与另两位诗人
		<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>http://example.com/lishangyin<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>poet<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>link2<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>李商隐<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>、
		<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>http://example.com/dumu<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>poet<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>link3<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>杜牧<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>即“小李杜”区别&#xff0c;杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。
		其人爽朗大方&#xff0c;爱饮酒...<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
	<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>story<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>...<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre> 
<p>通过浏览器打开该网页显示如下图所示。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201107120033596.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="250" /></p> 
<hr /> 
<h2><a id="1BeautifulSoupHTML_139"></a>1.BeautifulSoup解析HTML</h2> 
<p>下列代码是通过BeautifulSoup解析这段HTML网页&#xff0c;创建一个 BeautifulSoup对象&#xff0c;然后调用BeautifulSoup包的prettify()函数格式化输出网页。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># coding&#61;utf-8</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> bs4 <span class="token keyword">import</span> BeautifulSoup

<span class="token comment">#HTML源码</span>
html <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">&#34;&#34;&#34;
&lt;html&gt;
	&lt;head&gt;
		&lt;title&gt;BeautifulSoup技术&lt;/title&gt;
	&lt;/head&gt;
	&lt;body&gt;
	&lt;p class&#61;&#34;title&#34;&gt;&lt;b&gt;静夜思&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p class&#61;&#34;content&#34;&gt;
		窗前明月光&#xff0c;&lt;br /&gt;
		疑似地上霜。 &lt;br /&gt;
		举头望明月&#xff0c;&lt;br /&gt;
		低头思故乡。 &lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p class&#61;&#34;other&#34;&gt;
		李白&#xff08;701年&#xff0d;762年&#xff09;&#xff0c;字太白&#xff0c;号青莲居士&#xff0c;又号“谪仙人”&#xff0c;
		唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人&#xff0c;被后人誉为“诗仙”&#xff0c;与
		&lt;a href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/dufu&#34; class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; id&#61;&#34;link1&#34;&gt;杜甫&lt;/a&gt;
		并称为“李杜”&#xff0c;为了与另两位诗人
		&lt;a href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/lishangyin&#34; class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; id&#61;&#34;link2&#34;&gt;李商隐&lt;/a&gt;、
		&lt;a href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/dumu&#34; class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; id&#61;&#34;link3&#34;&gt;杜牧&lt;/a&gt;即“小李杜”区别&#xff0c;杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。
		其人爽朗大方&#xff0c;爱饮酒...
	&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p class&#61;&#34;story&#34;&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;
&#34;&#34;&#34;</span>

<span class="token comment">#按照标准的缩进格式的结构输出</span>
soup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> BeautifulSoup<span class="token punctuation">(</span>html<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>prettify<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>代码输出结果如下所示&#xff0c;是网页的HTML源代码。soup.prettify()将soup内容格式化输出&#xff0c;用BeautifulSoup 解析HTML文档时&#xff0c;它会将HTML文档类似DOM文档树一样处理。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108173923897.png?x-oss-process&#61;image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Vhc3Rtb3VudA&#61;&#61;,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="500" height="550" /></p> 
<p>注意&#xff1a;前面定义的HTML源码标签对是缺少结束标签的&#xff0c;即没有和标签&#xff0c;但是使用prettify()函数输出的结果已经自动补齐了结束标签&#xff0c;这是BeautifulSoup的一个优点。BeautifulSoup即使得到了一个损坏的标签&#xff0c;它也产生一个转换DOM树&#xff0c;并尽可能和您原文档内容含义一致&#xff0c;这种措施通常能够帮助您更正确地搜集数据。另外&#xff0c;我们还可以用本地HTML文件来创建BeautifulSoup对象&#xff0c;代码如下所示&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><strong>soup &#61; BeautifulSoup(open(‘test04_01.html’))</strong></li></ul> 
<hr /> 
<h2><a id="2_186"></a>2.简单获取网页标签信息</h2> 
<p>当我们已经使用BeautifulSoup解析了网页之后&#xff0c;如果您想获取某个标签之间的信息&#xff0c;怎么实现呢&#xff1f;比如获取标签&lt; title&gt;和&lt; /title&gt;标题内容。下面的test02.py代码就将教大家使用BeautifulSoup技术获取标签信息的用法&#xff0c;更系统的知识将在第三部分介绍。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># coding&#61;utf-8</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> bs4 <span class="token keyword">import</span> BeautifulSoup

<span class="token comment">#创建本地文件soup对象</span>
soup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> BeautifulSoup<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;test04_01.html&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&#34;html.parser&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">#获取标题</span>
title <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>title
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;标题:&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> title<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>该段代码获取HTML的标题&#xff0c;输出结果为“&lt; title&gt;BeautifulSoup技术&lt; /title&gt;”。同样&#xff0c;可以获取其他标签&#xff0c;如HTML的头部&#xff08;head&#xff09;。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment">#获取标题</span>
head <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>head
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;头部:&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> head<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果为“&lt; head&gt;&lt; title&gt;BeautifulSoup技术&lt; /title&gt;&lt; /head&gt;”。再比如获取网页中的超链接&#xff0c;通过调用“soup.a”代码获取超链接&#xff08;&lt; a&gt;&lt;/ a&gt;&#xff09;。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment">#获取a标签</span>
ta <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>a
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;超链接内容:&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ta<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出为“&lt; a class&#61;“poet” href&#61;“http://example.com/dufu” id&#61;“link1”&gt;杜甫&lt; /a&gt;”。其中HTML中包括三个超链接&#xff0c;分别对应杜甫、李商隐、杜牧&#xff0c;而soup.a只返回第一个超链接。那么&#xff0c;如果想获取所有的超链接&#xff0c;怎么写代码实现呢&#xff1f;后面介绍的find_all()函数就可以实现。</p> 
<p>最后给出输出第一个段落&#xff08;&lt; p&gt;&#xff09;的代码。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment">#获取p标签</span>
tp <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>p
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;段落内容:&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> tp<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果为“&lt; p class&#61;“title”&gt;&lt; b&gt;静夜思&lt; /b&gt;&lt; /p&gt;”&#xff0c;其中unicode()函数用于转码&#xff0c;否则输出中文乱码。上面代码输出内容如下图所示。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108175042790.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="150" /></p> 
<hr /> 
<h2><a id="3_233"></a>3.定位标签并获取内容</h2> 
<p>前面部分简单介绍了BeautifulSoup标签&#xff0c;可以获取title、p、a等标签内容&#xff0c;但是如何获取这些已经定位了的指定标签对应的内容呢&#xff1f;下面这段代码是获取网页中所有的超链接标签及对应的url内容。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment">#从文档中找到&lt;a&gt;的所有标签链接</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> a <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">#获取&lt;a&gt;的超链接</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> link <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>  
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>link<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;href&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果如下图所示。find_all(‘a’)函数是查找所有&lt; a&gt;标签&#xff0c;并通过for循环输出结果&#xff1b;第二个for循环是通过“link.get(‘href’)”代码获取超链接标签中的url网址。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108190910709.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="150" /></p> 
<p>比如“&lt; a class&#61;“poet” href&#61;“http://example.com/dufu” id&#61;“link1”&gt;杜甫&lt; /a&gt;”&#xff0c;通过调用find_all(‘a’)函数获取所有超链接的HTML源码&#xff0c;再调用get(‘href’)获取超链接的内容&#xff0c;href属性对应的值为&#xff1a;http://example.com/dufu。如果想获取文字内容&#xff0c;则调用get_text()函数。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">for</span> a <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span> a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果为&lt; a&gt;和&lt; /a&gt;之间的链接内容&#xff0c;即如下所示。</p> 
<ul><li>杜甫</li><li>李商隐</li><li>杜牧</li></ul> 
<p>后面文章将详细介绍具体的定位节点方法&#xff0c;结合实际例子进行分析讲解。</p> 
<hr /> 
<h1><a id="BeautifulSoup_267"></a>三.深入了解BeautifulSoup爬虫</h1> 
<p>第一部分我们介绍了BeautifulSoup爬虫的安装过程及简介&#xff0c;第二部分我们又快速学习了BeautifulSoup技术&#xff0c;而这部分将深入介绍BeautifulSoup技术的语法及用法。</p> 
<h2><a id="1BeautifulSoup_270"></a>1.BeautifulSoup对象</h2> 
<p>BeautifulSoup将复杂的HTML文档转换成一个树形结构&#xff0c;每个节点都是Python对象&#xff0c;BeautifulSoup官方文档将所有的对象归纳为以下四种&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li>Tag</li><li>NavigableString</li><li>BeautifulSoup</li><li>Comment</li></ul> 
<p>下面我们开始详细介绍。</p> 
<p><mark><strong>1.Tag</strong></mark><br /> Tag对象表示XML或HTML文档中的标签&#xff0c;通俗地讲就是HTML中的一个个标签&#xff0c;该对象与HTML或XML原生文档中的标签相同。Tag有很多方法和属性&#xff0c;BeautifulSoup中定义为soup.Tag&#xff0c;其中Tag为HTML中的标签&#xff0c;比如head、title等&#xff0c;其结果返回完整的标签内容&#xff0c;包括标签的属性和内容等。例如&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>title</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>BeautifulSoup技术<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>title</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>p</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>title<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>b</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>静夜思<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>b</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>p</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>http://example.com/lishangyin<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>poet<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>link2<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>李商隐<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre> 
<p>上面HTML代码中&#xff0c;title、p、a等都是标签&#xff0c;起始标签&#xff08;&lt; title&gt;、&lt; p&gt;、&lt; a&gt;&#xff09;和结束标签&#xff08;&lt; /title&gt;、&lt; /p&gt;、&lt; /a&gt;&#xff09;之间加上内容就是Tag。标签获取方法代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108191250221.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="200" /></p> 
<p>通过BeautifulSoup对象读者可以轻松地获取标签和标签内容&#xff0c;这比我们前一章的正则表达式爬虫方便很多。同时注意&#xff0c;它返回的内容是所有标签中的第一个符合要求的标签&#xff0c;比如“print soup.a”语句返回第一个超链接标签。</p> 
<p>下面这行代码是输出该对象的类型&#xff0c;即Tag对象。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span> <span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;class &#39;BeautifulSoup.Tag&#39;&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>Tag有很多方法和属性&#xff0c;在遍历文档树和搜索文档树中有详细讲解。现在介绍一下Tag中最重要的属性&#xff1a;name和attrs。<br /> <strong>&#xff08;1&#xff09;name</strong><br /> name属性用于获取文档树的标签名字&#xff0c;如果想获取head标签的名字&#xff0c;只要使用soup.head.name代码即可&#xff0c;对于内部标签&#xff0c;输出的值便为标签本身的名称。soup对象本身比较特殊&#xff0c;它的name为document&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108191356818.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" /></p> 
<p><strong>&#xff08;2&#xff09;attrs</strong><br /> attrs是属性&#xff08;attributes&#xff09;的英文简称&#xff0c;属性是网页标签的重要内容。一个标签&#xff08;Tag&#xff09;可能有很多个属性&#xff0c;例如上面的例子&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-html"><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>a</span> <span class="token attr-name">href</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>http://example.com/dufu<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>poet<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span> <span class="token attr-name">id</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span>link1<span class="token punctuation">&#34;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>杜甫<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>a</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre> 
<p>它存在两个属性&#xff0c;一个是class属性&#xff0c;对应的值为“poet”&#xff1b;一个是id属性&#xff0c;对应的值为“link1”。Tag属性操作方法与Python字典相同&#xff0c;获取p标签的所有属性代码如下&#xff0c;得到一个字典类型的值&#xff0c;它获取的是第一个段落p的属性及属性值。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>p<span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrs<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#{u&#39;class&#39;: [u&#39;title&#39;]}</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>如果需要单独获取某个属性&#xff0c;使用如下两种方法获取超链接的class属性值。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>a<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#[u&#39;poet&#39;]</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>a<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#[u&#39;poet&#39;]</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>下图为HTML源代码&#xff0c;获取第一个超链接为class&#61;‘poet’。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108191535236.png?x-oss-process&#61;image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Vhc3Rtb3VudA&#61;&#61;,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="350" /></p> 
<p>BeautifulSoup每个标签tag可能有很多个属性&#xff0c;可以通过“.attrs”获取属性&#xff0c;tag的属性可以被修改、删除或添加。下面举个简单的例子进行介绍&#xff0c;完整代码为test03.py文件。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># coding&#61;utf-8</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> bs4 <span class="token keyword">import</span> BeautifulSoup
soup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> BeautifulSoup<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;&lt;b class&#61;&#34;test&#34; id&#61;&#34;yxz&#34;&gt;Eastmount&lt;/b&gt;&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">&#34;html.parser&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
tag <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>b
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">#Name</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">#Attributes</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrs<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">#修改属性 增加属性name</span>
tag<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#39;abc&#39;</span>
tag<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;id&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#39;1&#39;</span>
tag<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#39;2&#39;</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">#删除属性</span>
<span class="token keyword">del</span> tag<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token keyword">del</span> tag<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#KeyError: &#39;class&#39;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果如图所示&#xff0c;包括修改属性class、id&#xff0c;增加属性name&#xff0c;删除属性class、name等结果。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108191753912.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="200" /></p> 
<p>注意&#xff1a;HTML定义了一系列可以包含多个值的属性&#xff0c;最常见的可以包含多个值的属性是 class&#xff0c;还有一些属性如rel、rev、accept-charset、headers、accesskey等&#xff0c;BeautifulSoup中多值属性的返回类型是list&#xff0c;具体操作请读者在BeautifulSoup官网进行学习。</p> 
<hr /> 
<p><mark><strong>2.NavigableString</strong></mark><br /> 前面讲述了获取标签的Name和Attributes&#xff0c;那么如果想获取标签对应的内容&#xff0c;怎么实现呢&#xff1f;你可能已经猜到了&#xff0c;使用string属性即可获取标签&lt;&gt;与&lt;/&gt;之间的内容。比如&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>a<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#[u&#39;poet&#39;]</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>a<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;class&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#杜甫</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>获取“&lt; a href&#61;“http://example.com/dufu” class&#61;“poet” id&#61;“link1”&gt;杜甫&lt; /a&gt;”之间的内容&#xff0c;它是不是比前一篇文章介绍的正则表达式方便很多。</p> 
<p>BeautifulSoup用NavigableString类来包装tag中的字符串&#xff0c;NavigableString表示可遍历的字符串。一个NavigableString字符串与Python中的Unicode字符串相同&#xff0c;并且支持包含在遍历文档树和搜索文档树中的一些特性。利用下述代码可以查看NavigableString的类型。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">from</span> bs4 <span class="token keyword">import</span> BeautifulSoup
soup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> BeautifulSoup<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;test04_01.html&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&#34;html.parser&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
tag <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>title
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#&lt;class &#39;BeautifulSoup.NavigableString&#39;&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>注意&#xff0c;旧版本Python2需要通过unicode()方法可以直接将NavigableString对象转换成Unicode字符串&#xff0c;再进行相关的操作。如果标签中包含的字符串不能编辑&#xff0c;但是可以被替换成其他的字符串&#xff0c;用replace_with()方法实现。代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string<span class="token punctuation">.</span>replace_with<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;替换内容&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>  
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#&lt;title&gt;替换内容&lt;/title&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>replace_with()函数将“&lt; title&gt;BeautifulSoup技术&lt; /title&gt;”中的标题内容由“BeautifulSoup技术”替换成了“替换内容”。NavigableString对象支持遍历文档树和搜索文档树中定义的大部分属性&#xff0c;而字符串不能包含其它内容&#xff08;tag对象却能够包含字符串或是其它tag&#xff09;&#xff0c;字符串不支持“.contents”或“.string ”属性或find()方法。</p> 
<blockquote> 
 <p>官方文档提醒&#xff1a;在旧版本Python2中&#xff0c;如果想在BeautifulSoup之外使用NavigableString对象&#xff0c;需要调用unicode()方法&#xff0c;将该对象转换成普通的Unicode字符串&#xff0c;否则就算BeautifulSoup的方法已经执行结束&#xff0c;该对象的输出也会带有对象的引用地址&#xff0c;从而浪费内存。</p> 
</blockquote> 
<hr /> 
<p><mark><strong>3.BeautifulSoup</strong></mark><br /> BeautifulSoup对象表示的是一个文档的全部内容&#xff0c;通常情况下把它当作Tag对象&#xff0c;该对象支持遍历文档树和搜索文档树中描述的大部分的方法&#xff0c;详见下一小节。下面代码是输出soup对象的类型&#xff0c;输出结果就是BeautifulSoup对象类型。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;class &#39;BeautifulSoup.BeautifulSoup&#39;&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>注意&#xff1a;因为 BeautifulSoup 对象并不是真正的HTML或XML的标签tag&#xff0c;所以它没有name和attribute属性。但有时查看它的“.name”属性是很方便的&#xff0c;故BeautifulSoup对象包含了一个值为“[document]”的特殊属性“soup.name”。下述代码即是输出BeautifulSoup对象的name属性&#xff0c;其值为“[document]”。</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># u&#39;[document]&#39;</span>
</code></pre> 
<hr /> 
<p><mark><strong>4.Comment</strong></mark><br /> Comment对象是一个特殊类型的NavigableString对象&#xff0c;它用于处理注释对象。下面这个示例代码用于读取注释内容&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">markup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#34;&lt;b&gt;&lt;!-- This is a comment code. --&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&#34;</span>  
soup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> BeautifulSoup<span class="token punctuation">(</span>markup<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&#34;html.parser&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
comment <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>b<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string  
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>comment<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> 
<span class="token comment"># &lt;class &#39;bs4.element.Comment&#39;&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>comment<span class="token punctuation">)</span>  
<span class="token comment"># This is a comment code.</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果如下图所示&#xff1a;</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108192521440.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" /></p> 
<hr /> 
<h2><a id="2_448"></a>2.遍历文档树</h2> 
<p>介绍完这四个对象后&#xff0c;下面简单介绍遍历文档树和搜索文档树及常用的函数。在BeautifulSoup中&#xff0c;一个标签&#xff08;Tag&#xff09;可能包含多个字符串或其它的标签&#xff0c;这些称为这个标签的子标签&#xff0c;下面从子节点开始介绍。</p> 
<p><mark><strong>1.子节点</strong></mark><br /> BeautifulSoup中通过contents值获取标签&#xff08;Tag&#xff09;的子节点内容&#xff0c;并以列表形式输出。以test04_01.html代码为例&#xff0c;获取标签子节点内容代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># coding&#61;utf-8</span>
<span class="token keyword">from</span> bs4 <span class="token keyword">import</span> BeautifulSoup
soup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> BeautifulSoup<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;test04_01.html&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&#34;html.parser&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>head<span class="token punctuation">.</span>contents<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#[&#39;\n&#39;, &lt;title&gt;BeautifulSoup技术&lt;/title&gt;, &#39;\n&#39;]</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>由于标题间&lt; title&gt;和&lt; /title&gt;存在两个换行&#xff0c;所以获取的列表包括了两个换行&#xff0c;如个需要提取第二个元素&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108192742414.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="200" /></p> 
<p>另一个获取子节点的方法是children关键字&#xff0c;但它返回的不是一个list&#xff0c;可以通过for循环来获取所有子节点内容。方法如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>head<span class="token punctuation">.</span>children<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> child <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>head<span class="token punctuation">.</span>children<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>child<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#&lt;listiterator object at 0x00000000027335F8&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>前面介绍的contents和children属性仅包含标签的直接子节点&#xff0c;如果需要获取Tag的所有子节点&#xff0c;甚至是孙节点&#xff0c;则需要使用descendants属性&#xff0c;方法如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">for</span> child <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>descendants<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>child<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出如下图所示&#xff0c;所有的HTML标签都打印出来。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108192947603.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="350" /></p> 
<hr /> 
<p><mark><strong>2.节点内容</strong></mark><br /> 如果标签只有一个子节点&#xff0c;需要获取该子节点的内容&#xff0c;则使用string属性&#xff0c;输出子节点的内容&#xff0c;通常返回最里层的标签内容。比如获取标题内容的代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>head<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># None</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>title<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># BeautifulSoup技术</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>当标签包含多个子节点时&#xff0c;Tag就会无法确定string获取哪个子节点的内容&#xff0c;此时输出的结果就是None&#xff0c;比如获取&lt; head&gt;的内容&#xff0c;返回值就是None&#xff0c;因为包括了两个换行元素。如果需要获取多个节点内容时&#xff0c;则使用strings属性&#xff0c;示例代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">for</span> content <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>strings<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>但是输出的字符串可能包含多余的空格或换行&#xff0c;这里需要使用stripped_strings方法去除多余的空白内容&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">for</span> content <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>stripped_strings<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>运行结果如图所示。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108193221544.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="500" height="350" /></p> 
<hr /> 
<p><mark><strong>3.父节点</strong></mark><br /> 调用parent属性定位父节点&#xff0c;如果需要获取节点的标签名则使用parent.name&#xff0c;代码如下所示&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">p <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>p
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">.</span>parent<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">.</span>parent<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#&lt;p class&#61;&#34;story&#34;&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/body&gt;</span>
<span class="token comment">#body</span>

content <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>head<span class="token punctuation">.</span>title<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">.</span>parent<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">.</span>parent<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment">#&lt;title&gt;BeautifulSoup技术&lt;/title&gt;</span>
<span class="token comment">#title</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>如果需要获取所有的父节点&#xff0c;则使用parents属性循环获取&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">content <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>head<span class="token punctuation">.</span>title<span class="token punctuation">.</span>string
<span class="token keyword">for</span> parent <span class="token keyword">in</span> content<span class="token punctuation">.</span>parents<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>parent<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<hr /> 
<p><mark><strong>4.兄弟节点</strong></mark><br /> 兄弟节点是指和本节点位于同一级的节点&#xff0c;其中next_sibling 属性是获取该节点的下一个兄弟节点&#xff0c;previous_sibling 则与之相反&#xff0c;取该节点的上一个兄弟节点&#xff0c;如果节点不存在&#xff0c;则返回None。</p> 
<ul><li>print(soup.p.next_sibling)</li><li>print(soup.p.prev_sibling)</li></ul> 
<p>注意&#xff1a;实际文档中的tag的next_sibling 和previous_sibling 属性通常是字符串或空白&#xff0c;因为空白或者换行也可以被视作一个节点&#xff0c;所以得到的结果可能是空白或者换行。同理&#xff0c;通过next_siblings和previous_siblings属性可以获取当前节点的所有兄弟节点&#xff0c;再调用循环迭代输出。</p> 
<hr /> 
<p><mark><strong>5.前后节点</strong></mark><br /> 调用属性next_element可以获取下一个节点&#xff0c;调用属性previous_element可以获取上一个节点&#xff0c;代码举例如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li>print(soup.p.next_element)</li><li>print(soup.p.previous_element)</li></ul> 
<p>同理&#xff0c;通过next_siblings和previous_elements属性可以获取当前节点的所有兄弟节点&#xff0c;并调用循环迭代输出。注意&#xff0c;如果提示错误“TypeError: an integer is required”&#xff0c;则需要增加unicode()函数转换成中文编码输出。</p> 
<hr /> 
<h2><a id="3_564"></a>3.搜索文档树</h2> 
<p>搜索文档树作者主要讲解find_all()方法&#xff0c;这是最常用的一种方法&#xff0c;而更多的方法与遍历文档树类似&#xff0c;包括父节点、子节点、兄弟节点等&#xff0c;推荐读者下来从官网自行学习。如果想从网页中得到所有的标签&#xff0c;使用find_all()方法的代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">urls <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> u <span class="token keyword">in</span> urls<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>u<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;a class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/dufu&#34; id&#61;&#34;link1&#34;&gt;杜甫&lt;/a&gt;</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;a class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/lishangyin&#34; id&#61;&#34;link2&#34;&gt;李商隐&lt;/a&gt;</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;a class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/dumu&#34; id&#61;&#34;link3&#34;&gt;杜牧&lt;/a&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果如下图所示&#xff1a;</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108193626433.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="100" /></p> 
<p>注意&#xff1a;如果你报错“‘NoneType’ object is not callable using ‘find_all’ in BeautifulSoup”&#xff0c;其原因是需要安装BeautifulSoup4版本或bs4&#xff0c;因为方法find_all()是属于该版本。而BeautifulSoup3使用的方法如下所示&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li>from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup</li><li>soup.findAll(‘p’, align&#61;“center”)</li></ul> 
<p>同样&#xff0c;该函数支持传入正则表达式作为参数&#xff0c;BeautifulSoup会通过正则表达式的match() 来匹配内容。下面例子中找出所有以b开头的标签示例&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token keyword">import</span> re
<span class="token keyword">for</span> tag <span class="token keyword">in</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span>re<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">compile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;^b&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># body</span>
<span class="token comment"># b</span>
<span class="token comment"># br</span>
<span class="token comment"># br</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>其输出结果包括字母“b”的标签名&#xff0c;如body、b、br、br等。如果想获取标签a和标签b的值&#xff0c;则使用下面的函数&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li>soup.find_all([“a”, “b”])</li></ul> 
<p>注意find_all()函数是可以接受参数进行指定节点查询的&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token operator">&#61;</span><span class="token string">&#39;link1&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;a class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/dufu&#34; id&#61;&#34;link1&#34;&gt;杜甫&lt;/a&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>也可以接受多个参数&#xff0c;比如&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python">soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;a&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> class_<span class="token operator">&#61;</span><span class="token string">&#34;poet&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;a class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/dufu&#34; id&#61;&#34;link1&#34;&gt;杜甫&lt;/a&gt;</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;a class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/lishangyin&#34; id&#61;&#34;link2&#34;&gt;李商隐&lt;/a&gt;</span>
<span class="token comment"># &lt;a class&#61;&#34;poet&#34; href&#61;&#34;http://example.com/dumu&#34; id&#61;&#34;link3&#34;&gt;杜牧&lt;/a&gt;</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>讲到这里&#xff0c;BeautifulSoup基础知识及用法已经讲述完毕&#xff0c;接下来通过一个简单示例讲解BeautifulSoup爬取网络数据&#xff0c;这里抓取的是上一篇文章的那个示例&#xff0c;爬取作者个人博客的首页信息。同时&#xff0c;更多BeautifulSoup技术知识推荐大家去其官方网站学习&#xff0c;网址为&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><a href="http://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/">http://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/</a></li></ul> 
<br /> 
<hr /> 
<h1><a id="BeautifulSoup_622"></a>四.BeautifulSoup简单爬取个人博客网站</h1> 
<p>上一篇文章讲述了正则表达式爬取个人博客网站的简单示例&#xff0c;下面讲解BeautifulSoup技术爬取个人博客网站内容。BeautifulSoup提供了一些方法以及类Python语法来查找一棵转换树&#xff0c;帮助你解析一棵树并定位获取你所需要的内容。作者的个人网站网址为&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><a href="http://www.eastmountyxz.com/">http://www.eastmountyxz.com/</a></li></ul> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108193929358.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="400" /></p> 
<p>现在需要爬取博客首页中四篇文章的标题、超链接及摘要内容&#xff0c;比如标题为“再见北理工&#xff1a;忆北京研究生的编程时光”。</p> 
<p>首先&#xff0c;通过浏览器定位这些元素源代码&#xff0c;发现它们之间的规律&#xff0c;这称为DOM树文档节点树分析&#xff0c;找到所需爬取节点对应的属性和属性值&#xff0c;如图所示。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108194047712.png?x-oss-process&#61;image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L0Vhc3Rtb3VudA&#61;&#61;,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="400" /></p> 
<p>标题位于&lt; div class&#61;”essay”&gt;&lt; /div&gt;位置下&#xff0c;它包括一个&lt; h1&gt;&lt; /h1&gt;记录标题&#xff0c;一个&lt; p&gt;&lt; /p&gt;记录摘要信息&#xff0c;其余三篇文章节点为&lt; div class&#61;”essay1”&gt;&lt; /div&gt;、&lt; div class&#61;”essay2”&gt;&lt; /div&gt;和&lt; div class&#61;”essay3”&gt;&lt; /div&gt;。现在需要获取第一篇文章标题、超链接和摘要的代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
<span class="token keyword">import</span> re 
<span class="token keyword">import</span> urllib<span class="token punctuation">.</span>request
<span class="token keyword">from</span> bs4 <span class="token keyword">import</span> BeautifulSoup

url <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#34;http://www.eastmountyxz.com/&#34;</span>
page <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> urllib<span class="token punctuation">.</span>request<span class="token punctuation">.</span>urlopen<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
soup <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> BeautifulSoup<span class="token punctuation">(</span>page<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&#34;html.parser&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
essay0 <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span>attrs<span class="token operator">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span><span class="token string">&#34;class&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token string">&#34;essay&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> tag <span class="token keyword">in</span> essay0<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>  <span class="token comment">#换行</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>a<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;a&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;a&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrs<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;href&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    content <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;p&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">.</span>replace<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果如下图所示&#xff0c;其中代码soup.find_all(attrs&#61;{“class”:“essay”})用于获取节点&lt; div class&#61;“essay”&gt;的内容&#xff0c;然后采用循环输出&#xff0c;但该class类型只包括了一段内容。接着再定位div中的超链接&#xff0c;通过tag.find(“a”).get_text()获取内容&#xff0c;tag.find(“a”).attrs[‘href’]获取超链接url&#xff0c;最后获取段落摘要。</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108194448665.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="350" /></p> 
<p>同理&#xff0c;爬取其余文章的代码如下&#xff0c;通过循环获取essay1、essay2、essay3内容&#xff0c;这些div布局中的格式都一样&#xff0c;包括一个标题和一个摘要信息&#xff0c;代码如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<pre><code class="prism language-python"><span class="token comment">#整理输出</span>
i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
<span class="token keyword">while</span> i<span class="token operator">&lt;&#61;</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    num <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#34;essay&#34;</span> <span class="token operator">&#43;</span> <span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    essay <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> soup<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span>attrs<span class="token operator">&#61;</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span><span class="token string">&#34;class&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>num<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> tag <span class="token keyword">in</span> essay<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;a&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;a&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>attrs<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&#39;href&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        content <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> tag<span class="token punctuation">.</span>find<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;p&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>get_text<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
        <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>content<span class="token punctuation">.</span>replace<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    i <span class="token operator">&#43;&#61;</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> 
<p>输出结果如下&#xff1a;</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108194657584.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="350" /></p> 
<p>整个BeautifulSoup爬虫已经讲完了&#xff0c;是不是比前面的正则表达式方便很多&#xff0c;而且爬取的函数也更加智能。后面将结合案例深入讲解BeautifulSoup实际操作&#xff0c;包括爬取电影信息、存储数据库等内容。</p> 
<br /> 
<hr /> 
<h1><a id="_690"></a>五.本章小结</h1> 
<p>BeautifulSoup是一个可以从HTML或XML文件中提取所需数据的Python库&#xff0c;这里作者把它看作是一种技术。</p> 
<ul><li>一方面是它具有智能化爬取网页信息的强大功能&#xff0c;对比前面的正则表达式爬虫&#xff0c;您就能体会到它的便捷和适用性&#xff0c;BeautifulSoup通过载入整个网页文档并调用相关函数定位所需信息的节点&#xff0c;再爬取相关内容.</li><li>另一方面&#xff0c;BeautifulSoup使用起来比较简单&#xff0c;API非常人性化&#xff0c;采用类似于XPath的分析技术定位标签&#xff0c;并且支持CSS选择器&#xff0c;开发效率相对较高&#xff0c;被广泛应用于Python数据爬取领域。所以作者把它看作一种爬虫技术&#xff0c;接下来通过一个完整的爬虫案例加深读者的印象。</li></ul> 
<p>该系列所有代码下载地址&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><a href="https://github.com/eastmountyxz/Python-zero2one">https://github.com/eastmountyxz/Python-zero2one</a></li></ul> 
<p>前文赏析&#xff1a;</p> 
<ul><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/108172132">[Python从零到壹] 一.为什么我们要学Python及基础语法详解</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/108479670">[Python从零到壹] 二.语法基础之条件语句、循环语句和函数</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/108737755">[Python从零到壹] 三.语法基础之文件操作、CSV文件读写及面向对象</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/108887652">[Python从零到壹] 四.网络爬虫之入门基础及正则表达式抓取博客案例</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/109497225">[Python从零到壹] 五.网络爬虫之BeautifulSoup基础语法万字详解</a></li></ul> 
<p><font color="red"><strong>最后&#xff0c;真诚地感谢您关注“娜璋之家”公众号&#xff0c;感谢CSDN这么多年的陪伴&#xff0c;会一直坚持分享&#xff0c;希望我的文章能陪伴你成长&#xff0c;也希望在技术路上不断前行。文章如果对你有帮助、有感悟&#xff0c;就是对我最好的回报&#xff0c;且看且珍惜&#xff01;2020年8月18日建立的公众号&#xff0c;再次感谢您的关注&#xff0c;也请帮忙宣传下“娜璋之家”&#xff0c;哈哈~初来乍到&#xff0c;还请多多指教。</strong></font></p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200930204426793.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="150" height="150" /></p> 
<p>感恩女神&#xff0c;感恩思远~</p> 
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201108195001650.png#pic_center" alt="在这里插入图片描述" width="550" height="450" /></p> 
<p>(By:娜璋之家 Eastmount 2020-11-08 夜于贵阳 <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount">https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount</a> )</p> 
<hr /> 
<p><strong>参考文献如下&#xff1a;</strong></p> 
<ul><li>作者书籍《Python网络数据爬取及分析从入门到精通》</li><li>作者博客&#xff1a;<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount">https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount</a></li></ul>
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Beautiful Soup是<em>python</em>的一个库，最主要的功能是从网页抓取数据。官方解释如下：


Beautiful Soup提供一些简单的、<em>python</em>式的函数用来处理导航、搜索、修改分析树等功能。它是一个工具箱，通过解析文档为用户提供需要抓取的数据，因为简单，所以不需要多少代码就可以写出一个完整的应用程序。

Beautiful Soup自动将输入文档转换...</div>
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find all搜索的是全部节点，find搜索的是满足条件的第一个节点



2.获取网页信息



思路如下



#  <em>Python</em> 

# 根据 HTML 网页字符串创建 <em>BeautifulSoup</em> 对象
soup = <em>BeautifulSoup</em>(
    html_doc,  # HTML 文档字符串
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lxml,<em>BeautifulSoup</em>,pyquery。当然了，还有re。
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				<div class="desc ellipsis-online ellipsis-online-1"><em>BeautifulSoup</em>
是<em>python</em> 的一个库，最主要的功能就是 从网页<em>爬取</em>我们需要的数据。
<em>BeautifulSoup</em> 将 html 解析为对象处理，全部页面转变为字典或者数组，相对于正则表达式的方式，可以大大简化处理过程
<em>BeautifulSoup</em> 有四种对象：Tag、NavigableString、<em>BeautifulSoup</em>、Comment
HTML 转化为对象的过程
import requests
from bs4 import <em>BeautifulSoup</em>

response=request.</div>
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Beautiful Soup 4.2.0 文档

1. Beautiful Soup 简介
简单来说，Beautiful Soup是<em>python</em>的一个库，最主要的功能是从网页抓取数据。官方解释如下：
Beautiful Soup提供一些简单的、<em>python</em>式的函数用来处理导航、搜索...</div>
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				<div class="desc ellipsis-online ellipsis-online-1">1.<em>BeautifulSoup</em>简介
<em>BeautifulSoup</em>是一个可以从HTML或XML文件中提取数据的<em>python</em>库；它能够通过转换器实现惯用的文档导航、查找、修改文档的方式。
<em>BeautifulSoup</em>是一个基于re开发的解析库，可以提供一些强大的解析功能；使用<em>BeautifulSoup</em>能够提高提取数据的效率与<em>爬虫</em>开发效率。
2.<em>BeautifulSoup</em>总览
构建文档树
Beautifu...</div>
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				<div class="desc ellipsis-online ellipsis-online-1">**
<em>beautifulsoup</em>，一些语法。
**
从网页获取HTML数据后，获取对应标签、属性的值
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2.通过属性（attrs）获取：tag.attrs
通过标签属性获取:    tag[&ldquo;class&rdquo;]  或     tag.get(&ldquo;...</div>
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                        安全报告翻译
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                <span class="special-column-num">12篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756928.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                    <span class="title oneline">
                        娜璋故事系列
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                <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629003118872.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                        HTML网站前端设计
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                <span class="special-column-num">17篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201115222655753.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                        数据库实战开发设计与优化
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                <span class="special-column-num">11篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020111522275152.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                    <span class="title oneline">
                        CentOS云服务端操作
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                <span class="special-column-num">7篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629002616110.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">21篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629104147509.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                        Windows黑客编程
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                <span class="special-column-num">1篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629125454964.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                    <span class="title oneline">
                        数字图像处理
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                <span class="special-column-num">13篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719231807748.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                        C#基础知识
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                <span class="special-column-num">5篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629115424391.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                    <span class="title oneline">
                        Python数据挖掘课程
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                <span class="special-column-num">7篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719231853479.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                    <span class="title oneline">
                        C#数据库知识
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                <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719232019692.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                        汇编知识
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                <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756925.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629004114858.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">10篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756927.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                    <span class="title oneline">
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                <span class="special-column-num">7篇</span>
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                <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9500853.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9500853.html","ab":"new"}'>
                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756916.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">1篇</span>
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                <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2017751.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2017751.html","ab":"new"}'>
                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756927.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">6篇</span>
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                <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2547623.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2547623.html","ab":"new"}'>
                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719231935941.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                    <span class="title oneline">
                        Python基础知识
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                <span class="special-column-num">9篇</span>
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                <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9788746.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9788746.html","ab":"new"}'>
                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756918.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">3篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756928.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">16篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756928.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">2篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756916.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">5篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756916.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">3篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756927.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">5篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756928.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">14篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629002739697.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">11篇</span>
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                    <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                    <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756927.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                <span class="special-column-num">31篇</span>
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                        黑科技
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            <li>
                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/113399802#comments_25537954" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/113399802#comments_25537954","ab":"new"}' data-report-view='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/113399802#comments_25537954","ab":"new"}'>[GO语言基础] 三.变量声明、数据类型、标识符及编程练习12题</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38295176" class="user-name" target="_blank">qq_38295176: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">第12题那里只是把p1和p2的指向内存地址交换了而已，应该是要把p1和p2指向的值交换，
var temp int
temp = *p1
*p1 = *p2
*p2 = temp</span>
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                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/120239889#comments_25536471" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/120239889#comments_25536471","ab":"new"}' data-report-view='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/120239889#comments_25536471","ab":"new"}'>[Python图像识别] 四十六.图像预处理之图像去雾详解（ACE算法和暗通道先验去雾算法）</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount" class="user-name" target="_blank">Eastmount: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">谢谢您的提醒，我可能写错了，感谢感谢。</span>
                </p>
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            <li>
                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/120239889#comments_25536059" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/120239889#comments_25536059","ab":"new"}' data-report-view='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/120239889#comments_25536059","ab":"new"}'>[Python图像识别] 四十六.图像预处理之图像去雾详解（ACE算法和暗通道先验去雾算法）</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/erin_zhang_" class="user-name" target="_blank">八里台桂酒: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">老师，自动色彩均衡是automation color equalization，你的两篇文章写的都是enhancement，我跟别人对比发现是应该是automation color equalization基于retinex提出的</span>
                </p>
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            <li>
                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/108653693#comments_25513169" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/108653693#comments_25513169","ab":"new"}' data-report-view='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/108653693#comments_25513169","ab":"new"}'>[Python黑帽] 三.编程实现IP及端口扫描器、实现多线程C段扫描器</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/m0_48778561" class="user-name" target="_blank">m0_48778561: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">大佬你好，使用socket进行多线程的端口扫描时，把数据放到queue中，扫描的时候发现，只扫描了几个端口，其它的端口都没扫描，这是咋回事</span>
                </p>
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            <li>
                <a class="title text-truncate" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/103189405#comments_25504992" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/103189405#comments_25504992","ab":"new"}' data-report-view='{"mod":"popu_542","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4231","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/Eastmount/article/details/103189405#comments_25504992","ab":"new"}'>[网络安全自学篇] 二十四.基于机器学习的入侵检测和攻击识别&mdash;&mdash;以KDD CUP99数据集为例</a>
                <p class="comment ellipsis">
                    <a href="https://blog.csdn.net/qq_20381661" class="user-name" target="_blank">qq_20381661: </a>
                    <span class="code-comments">请问对IP地址的归一化怎么处理，data=(data-dmin)/(dmax-dmin)时会有问题</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_10363233.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_10363233.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201115222450398.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">3篇</span>
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">6篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200731235329763.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">24篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629003041949.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">12篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756928.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629003118872.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">17篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201115222655753.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">11篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020111522275152.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">7篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629002616110.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">21篇</span>
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                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629104147509.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">1篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1858075.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1858075.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629125454964.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">13篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1374313.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1374313.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719231807748.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">5篇</span>
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                                <li>
                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_6423551.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_6423551.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629115424391.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">7篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1621915.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1621915.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719231853479.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
                                            C#数据库知识
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                                <li>
                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1374310.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1374310.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719232019692.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1380005.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1380005.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756925.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">4篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2812423.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2812423.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200629004114858.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">10篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1726731.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_1726731.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756927.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">7篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9500853.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9500853.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756916.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">1篇</span>
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                                <li>
                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2017751.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2017751.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756927.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">6篇</span>
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                                <li>
                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2547623.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2547623.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200719231935941.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
                                        <span class="">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">9篇</span>
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                                <li>
                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9788746.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_9788746.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756918.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">3篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2705501.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2705501.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756928.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">16篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2738581.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2738581.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756928.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">2篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2825533.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2825533.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756916.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">5篇</span>
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                                    <a class="clearfix special-column-name" target="_blank" href="https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2863833.html" data-report-click='{"mod":"popu_537","spm":"1001.2101.3001.4137","strategy":"pc付费专栏左侧入口","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/eastmount/category_2863833.html","ab":"new"}'>
                                        <div class="special-column-bar "></div>
                                        <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756916.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64" alt="" onerror="this.src='https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20201014180756922.png?x-oss-process=image/resize,m_fixed,h_64,w_64'">
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                                    <span class="special-column-num">3篇</span>
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